Capitalism and science alone sufficed to colonize the world by 1900

Evidence

Put bluntly, you cannot colonize a country, much less a whole civilization, through music, visual art, and literature, however useful it is for colonialism to force one “foot” of these disciplines into the domain of colonial power (a foot that is undoubtedly planted therein). By contrast, capitalism and science, and their offshoots, have alone proven sufficient for colonizing the great majority of the world by the end of the nineteenth century. — Wael Hallaq, Restating Orientalism, 381