British Jews and Muslims each form internally diverse, non-monolithic communities.

Evidence

In the UK, both Jews and Muslims present highly diverse communities. The first Jewish people arrived in England with the Normans in 1066 and then were expelled in 1290 under King Edward I. Jews started living openly in Britain again in the seventeenth century and now their congregations include members of both Sephardi and Ashkenazi descent, whose ancestors came to Britain mainly from different places in Western and Eastern Europe (with a small minority coming from Asia and Africa). In terms of religious observance, the community comprises people who describe themselves as secular, as practitioners of different forms of Judaism, and as practitioners of religions other than Judaism. The roots of the majority of British Muslims are in the post-war commonwealth migration, with the largest group (about 40%) identifying as Muslims of Pakistani descent, and other groups comprising Muslims from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, North Africa, the Middle East, Somalia and Eastern Europe. The religious denominations of British Muslims include Sunni, Shia and Ahmadiyya branches. — James Renton, Ben Gidley (eds.), Antisemitism and Islamophobia in Europe, 1788