British evacuation of the Sudan in 1884 soured Egyptian nationalism and infrastructure.

Evidence

In a speech he gave in Toulouse, in July of 1895, Kämil presented an almost medical depiction of the violence committed against the Egyptian government by the British occupation government in 1884, when, during the Mahdïya, the British forced the Egyptians to evacuate the Sudan,“the Sudan which we consider the spirit of our dear land, on which hangs the life of our country, and its death.” The loss of this spirit had depleted the force of the khedive and had deprived Egyptians of any sense of direction in the most important workings of the country’s infrastructure. Egyptians were not even allowed to police themselves in their own cities. — Eve M. Troutt Powell, A Different Shade of Colonialism_…, 717

Categorization

• QUESTION: The claim that losing the Sudan ‘depleted the khedive’s force’ conflates ideological framing with material effect — worth separating actual material losses from nationalist rhetoric.