British colonial officers directly controlled Egyptian officers’ careers in Sudan

Evidence

Gordon replaced him immediately with a German convert to Islam known as Emin Pasha, a man that Fawzï and other officers, including Europeans, suspected of conspiring with another German doctor in Gordon’s favor to arrange Fawzï’s dismissal. … Gordon had not taken him at his word but had instead been swayed by other Europeans. Fawzï then returned to Cairo, looking for reassignment. Unfortunately for Fawzï, Gordon had been very angry with him when he left Khartoum, and had refused to give him the necessary documents to substantiate his claim to the rank of colonel and bey. Fawzï could produce no such proof to his suspicious Ottoman Egyptian superiors at the War Ministry, and languished for some months with no assign- The Lived Experience of Contradiction / 109 ment. — Eve M. Troutt Powell, A Different Shade of Colonialism_…, 515

Categorization

• XREF: Emin Pasha as a European placed over Egyptian officers is a concrete case of the layered colonial hierarchy the reader is tracking between Egypt and Sudan.