Brazil’s Lula era advanced black rights via affirmative action and anti-racism law

Evidence

In the past decade in Brazil, to be sure, African-inspired cultures have become increasingly celebrated, and African history is now required in Bahian secondary schools. Fueled by a modestly resurgent black movement and a progressive egalitarianism that brought him to power, the Lula government has made much of insisting on affirmative action in college admissions, and local municipalities have been even more vigorous in promoting black employment. These developments built on earlier efforts, most notably the important clause of the 1988 Constitution outlawing racism as a serious crime, and important if small increases in black political representation at all levels. — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race, 1205

Categorization

• ADDENDUM: A modern countercase to the whitening mestizaje thesis — recent affirmative action and recognition of blackness in Brazil could extend the ‘On Sacrifice’ article’s interest in how states formally integrate marginalized groups.
• XREF: connects to: An Egyptian revolutionary candidate looked to Lula’s Brazil as a democratic development model — Vincent Bevins, If We Burn: The Mass Protest Decade and…, 303