Both religious and secular perspectives are needed to interpret African management.

Evidence

The aspect of ancestors, spirits and God within Ubuntu management is controversial for supporters of a rational management theory. The religionist management discourse, according to Ubuntu, contrasts with the secularized discourse of management and organizations. If we are to understand African management and philosophy, both religious and secularized-empiricist perspectives need to be allowed in our interpretative framework. — Frans Dokman, Beyond Bantu Philosophy_…, 832