Both post-war Reconstruction eras failed to dismantle white supremacy.

Evidence

Despite the partial reforms accomplished at a tremendous human cost, the basic patterns of racial despotism remained unchanged. The First Reconstruction (after the Civil War) had not been able to undo white supremacy; the Second Reconstruction (after World War II) was not able to do so either. From about 1970, a racial reaction set in—a long, declining phase of the post-World War II political trajectory of race. — Michael Omi, Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States, 198

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the ‘On Sacrifice’ article’s treatment of how structural hierarchies survive reform efforts.