Both Long Island shores excluded ordinary New Yorkers from beach access by 1930.

Evidence

Thanks to the barons and the baymen, the sandy beaches of the South Shore were as thoroughly closed off to New Yorkers as the rocky beaches of the North. Those New Yorkers who could not afford the exorbitant charges at Long Beach or squeeze into the limited public area of the beach there were shunted along the South Shore from village to village until they reached the flat, unshaded, bleak potato fields of Suffolk County. — Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker, 685

Categorization

• ADDENDUM: This maps onto the trees-as-infrastructure and infrastructure-as-class-control theme: exclusionary land use is infrastructure built against the public.
• XREF: Connects to Loewen’s and other accounts of how beach access was historically a class and race battleground, and to shoreline privatization debates. — connects to: Long Island’s shoreline was effectively closed to ordinary New Yorkers by 1900 — Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the…, 668; New York City already owned thousands of undeveloped acres on Long Island — Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the…, 706

Broader Connections

• New York City already owned thousands of undeveloped acres on Long Island #complicates (0.75) — Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker, 706