Bonaparte’s planters-turned-advisers misjudged how a decade of revolution transformed the ex-slaves

Evidence

The French general Pamphile de Lacroix would write in a similar vein that the great failure of Bonaparte and his advisers, most of them former planters, had been failing to see that the blacks were not “as they had left them,” and underestimating the profound political consequences of “ten years of revolution” in Saint-Domingue. — Dubois, Laurent, Avengers of the New World_ The Story of…, 915

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the broader pattern of metropolitan underestimation that repeatedly shapes colonial revolutionary arcs.