Blackness itself, not monstrosity, signified Muslim evil in medieval imagery

Evidence

Dark-skinned Muslims found in medieval psalters, paintings, poetry, and romances are not always monstrous, but their blackness indicates that they are evil. In an image from fourteenth-century France depicting a battle, the Muslim soldiers wear turbans and have dark eyes, but perhaps what is most interesting is the face on their shields—an African man. This is but one indication of how Muslims were related not just to Jews, but also to Africans. — Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imagination, 201

Categorization

• XREF: The shield bearing an African face under a turbaned Muslim soldier is visual evidence of the collapsed Muslim-Jew-African identity - reinforcing the Black Saracen composite. — connects to: Europe’s contact with black peoples made Negroes the projected principle of evil; Blackness symbolizes Evil and Ugliness in white thought; Medieval anti-Saracen imagery still persists in Spanish festivals of Moors and Christians — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 127 (+18 more)
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imagination, 201

Broader Connections

• Renaissance art linked black Muslims directly to the devil and damnation #corroborates (0.70) — Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imagination, 268
• Anti-Blackness and Islamophobia assign deviance through parallel racializing logics #expands (0.60) — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 1119
• Jews and Muslims shared a canine monstrous identity in medieval literature #complicates (0.55) — Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imagination, 226
• Islamophobia scholarship often treats medieval Christianity as a united whole against Muslims #complicates (0.35) — Ali Qureshi, The Fall of Constantinople, 25