Black women drive black workers’ higher hardship-withdrawal rates

Evidence

Black women are driving this phenomenon: 9 percent of black women compared with 6 percent of black men have taken hardship withdrawals. Gender differences are significant between black and white workers: Just as we saw in chapter 1, the marriage penalty is higher for black couples because black wives are more likely to contribute a significant portion of the household income than white wives, and that plays a major role in the wealth gap over time. Black women actually dominate the black labor market, making up 53 percent of the black labor force in 2018. — Dorothy A. Brown, The Whiteness of Wealth, 400

Categorization

• XREF: Recalls the marriage-penalty mechanism from chapter 1; the intra-race gender angle shows the compounded nature of the disparity.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Dorothy A. Brown, The Whiteness of Wealth: How the Tax…, 400