Black political advancement depended on protest and own-group organization.

Evidence

Political gains have frequently required protest or “insurgent politics” (Eisinger, 1974; Lipsky, 1968; McAdam, 1983; Morris, 1984). … In sum, many of the crucial gains that blacks have made came through the establishment of effective political networks and organizations of their own (Morris, 1984) and through protest politics. The historical record of black recourse to insurgent politics is underscored by blacks’ tendency to feel alienated from white society (Schuman & Hatchett, 1974; Turner & Wilson, 1976), to express fairly high levels of power discontent and group consciousness (Gurin, Miller, & Gurin, 1980; Pitts, 1974; Shingles, 1980), and to endorse protest and demonstration as legitimate political tools (Bobo, 1985; Eisinger, 1974; Isaac, Mutran, & Stryker, 1980; Robinson, 1970). — John T. Jost and Jim Sidanius, Political Psychology, 3355

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to relative deprivation and group consciousness theories of political participation. — connects to: Protest events alone do not change anything without ongoing political organization; Exclusion from electoral politics drove black women to build their own representative bodies. — Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent: The Women’s…, 690; Black female leaders gained stature by voicing masses’ complex blend of protest and accommodation. — Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent: The Women’s…, 1036