Black armies sustained the Haitian Revolution even after Boukman’s death

Evidence

The truth of the Haitian Revolution, however, was not long in doubt in the slave societies of the other West Indies and the Americas of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. For 13 years they were all—the masters fearfully, the slaves expectantly—witnesses to the struggles between slave armies and the forces of France, Britain, Spain, and then France again. … They heard how quickly the rebellion had spread. Suddenly, it seemed, 100,000 angry Blacks in the North Province alone had swept the plain clean of its century-old vestiges of slavery. … By late September, Boukman was dead and so were his comrades Gilles and John Baptiste. But the slaves were now transformed into Black armies, marching into battle “to African martial music and with unfurled banners inscribed with ‘death to all whites.’” From that moment on, the grand historical parade of the Haitian Revolution proceeded. — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 736

Categorization

• XREF: Standard history of the Haitian Revolution that could serve as a reference point against Robinson’s radical-tradition reading.