Black and Chinese ghettoization persisted longer than European immigrant segregation.

Evidence

Thus the conditions for the reproduction of European immigrant ghettoes have never existed in the way they did in the twentieth century for African-American and Chinese ghettoes. European immigrant segregation ebbed as their migration flow waned, while black and Chinese segregation within the boundaries of confined black and Chinese space increased not primarily as a result of black or Chinese housing preferences but of conscious white avoidance, as manifested in the use of physical violence, intimidation, and the creation of a dual housing market by way of racial covenants and the like. White exposure to blacks accordingly was still self-determinedly minimized through ensuring black isolation in urban ghettoes. Cities became instruments for European immigrant group advancement, but blocks especially for blacks not only residentially but educationally and economically also. Chinese entrepreneurship was left to flourish within the strict confines of Chinatowns, linked as it was to external sources of capital formation in Asia, opportunities definitively denied and unavailable to black ghetto dwellers. — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race, 375

Categorization

• XREF: Contrasts with the standard assimilation narrative for European immigrants; connects to broader comparative claims about which groups the American city ‘advances’ versus ‘blocks’.