Bible paintings shifted the Israelite’s iconography from turban to kaffiyeh.

Evidence

However, orientalist biblical depiction now took as its chief model not so much the “turban’d Turk” but the Arab, and especially the Bedouin. This is when the distinguishing characteristic of the male Israelite became the Arabic headscarf or kaffiyeh. — Ivan Davidson Kalmar, Derek Penslar, Orientalism and the Jews, 186

Categorization

• QUESTION: What paintings and artists beyond Bouguereau drove this shift, and who resisted it? Worth chasing the visual record.