Backlash and glass-slipper effects form a self-reinforcing cycle trapping women.

Evidence

From this perspective, to undermine gender hegemony, women need only present themselves as independent, competitive, and forceful creatures (i.e., “act like men”). Although this solution sounds simple, it has turned out to be untenable for women because agency is not only more expected of men, it is more accepted in men. For example, women who selfpromote, argue assertively, or defend themselves aggressively are viewed less favorably than identical male counterparts (see Rudman, 1998; Rudman & Fairchild, 2004, for reviews). Likewise, agentic women (but not men) are discriminated against when vying for leadership positions, even though agency is necessary for being viewed as competent and qualified (Rudman & Glick, 1999). — , Rudman, Laurie A - On the Nature of…, 756 (#expands, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Agentic women face backlash penalties that identical male counterparts do not — , Rudman, Laurie A - On the Nature of…, 756; Women self-select away from the highest-reward positions, sustaining gender hegemony — John F. Dovidio, Peter Glick, Laurie A. Rudman, On the Nature of Prejudice: Fifty Years…, 767; Female passivity is socially imposed, not biologically determined, and self-reinforces through a vicious circle — Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 691 (+3 more)

Broader Connections

• Agentic women face backlash penalties that identical male counterparts do not #expands (0.93) — , Rudman, Laurie A - On the Nature of…, 756