At equal A-weighted level, railway noise is judged quieter than road and aircraft noise

Evidence

The psychoacoustic data displayed in Fig. 16.12 are in line with the concepts of “railway bonus” and “aircraft malus” put forward on the basis of results from field studies. For noise immissions with the same Leq of 70 dB(A), overall loudness indicated in psychoacoustic experiments by line length increased from railover roadto air-traffic. — Professor Dr.-Ing. Hugo Fastl, Professor Dr.-Ing. Eberhard, Psychoacoustics- Facts and Models, 1812

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines the railway bonus and aircraft malus phenomena directly.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Professor Dr.-Ing. Hugo Fastl, Professor Dr.-Ing. Eberhard, Psychoacoustics- Facts and Models, 1812
• XREF: connects to: A-weighted sound pressure level misrepresents the loudness of broadband noises; ISO standardized loudness-based noise metrics because A-weighting proved inadequate; A-weighted dB values misrepresent perceived loudness for complex sounds. — Professor Dr.-Ing. Hugo Fastl, Professor Dr.-Ing. Eberhard, Psychoacoustics- Facts and Models, 1176 (+2 more)

Broader Connections

• A-weighted sound pressure level misrepresents the loudness of broadband noises #corroborates (0.85)
• A-weighted dB values misrepresent perceived loudness for complex sounds. #corroborates (0.82) — Professor Dr.-Ing. Hugo Fastl, Professor Dr.-Ing. Eberhard, Psychoacoustics- Facts and Models, 1176
• Sound pressure level is the standard because it matches hearing #contradicts (0.80) — David M. Howard, Jamie Angus, Acoustics and Psychoacoustics, 211
• ISO standardized loudness-based noise metrics because A-weighting proved inadequate #corroborates (0.78)
• A-weighted decibels are a rough practical approximation of perceived loudness #qualifies (0.75) — David M. Howard, Jamie Angus, Acoustics and Psychoacoustics, 633