Association’s promised power-sharing and civic education both went unrealized in practice.

Evidence

The policy of association with regard to the evolues did not serve the cause of civilization as defined by the French in the 1920’s. Association was supposed to allow educated Africans a portion of France’s sovereignty and prepare for the public education of others. The first objective was achieved only marginally by Dakar’s policies; the second, not at all. Dakar’s various measures to allow evolues’ participation in the administration-their appointment to administrative councils, the creation of mixed communes, the institution of an electoral college, and the opening (after qualifying) of administrative positions formerly reserved to citizens-were concessions of the most minimal kind. At best, the evolues were now to be consulted in matters concerning them. — Alice L. Conklin, A Mission to Civilize_ The Republican…, 712