Apolitical township residents began contentious mobilizing only after UDF campaigns of 1983.

Evidence

Established as a Native township in 1912, it housed around one hundred thousand people in the 1980s. It had become a place of misery and yet of spirit. Its residents got by mostly without electricity, rubbish removal, or a sewage system—cut off from nearby Johannesburg but bound to one another by kinship and relative equality. Like other black South Africans, Alexandra residents began mobilizing seriously with the UDF’s campaigns of 1983 and thereafter. In boycotts and attacks on offenders, students and youths led the way, backed by organizations at least loosely affiliated with the ANC. Young men (connected by soccer, already used to gathering in the streets, and freer of household duties than their sisters) participated most actively. — Charles Tilly, Regimes and Repertoires, 602

Categorization

• XREF: Directly relevant to the reader’s test: this is a low-capacity, nondemocratic regime where authoritative suppression (no institutional absorption channel) pushes the repertoire toward street mobilizing — compare against absorption-theory prediction.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Charles Tilly, Regimes and Repertoires, 602