Any Black action challenging racial hierarchy could be treated as a crime deserving lynching

Evidence

In the eyes of white people, Black criminality was broadly defined. Anything Black people did to challenge the racial hierarchy could be seen as a crime, punished either by the law or by lawless lynchings, which were an epidemic in the South but also took place in the West and the North. In 1916, a white mob lynched Anthony Crawford in South Carolina for being successful enough to refuse a low price for his cotton. In 1918, Mary Turner complained about her husband’s murder and the mistreatment of sharecroppers in Georgia and a white mob lynched her, too. In 1920, a white mob of up to ten thousand people gathered in Duluth, Minnesota, and lynched three Black men. In 1933, a white mob lynched Elizabeth Lawrence near Birmingham for daring to chastise white children who were throwing rocks at her. — Nikole Hannah-Jones et al., The 1619 Project, 850

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the broken-windows/mass incarceration argument in paragraph 851 — lynch-mob punishment and modern policing as a continuous enforcement apparatus for the racial hierarchy. — connects to: Racialized vigilante murder polices neighborhood boundaries against Black and Muslim bodies alike — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 490
• CANDY: The specific lynchings (refusing a low cotton price, chastising rock-throwing children) are grimly vivid anecdotal data points.