Anti-Asian suspicion targeted American-born citizens more than immigrants

Evidence

When California’s attorney general, Earl Warren, who later became the chief justice of the US Supreme Court, testified in Congress in 1942 in relation to the Executive Order 9066, which allowed the US military to incarcerate more than 100,000 Japanese Americans between 1942 and 1945, he lauded the fact that the Asian Exclusion Act had occluded Japanese immigration since 1924, but warned Congress that many Japanese American children were still sent to Japan after the Exclusion Act went into effect, and thus their loyalty was questionable: … They are indoctrinated with the idea of Japanese imperialism. They receive their religious instruction which ties up their religion with their Emperor, and they come back here imbued with the ideas and the policies of imperial Japan. While I do not cast a reflection on every Japanese who is born in this country—of course we will have loyal ones—I do say that the consensus of opinion is that taking the group by and large there is more potential danger to this State from the group that is born here than from the group born in Japan. — Carl W. Ernst, Islamophobia in America_ The Anatomy of…, 287

Categorization

• XREF: Parallels the anti-Muslim suspicion-of-homegrown-citizens pattern — the very logic that later targeted Muslim Americans post-9/11. A direct template the chapter elsewhere applies to contemporary Islamophobia. — connects to: Doubt about open mobility led Americans to scrutinize immigrants — John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of…, 213
• SEED: Essay angle: the ‘dangerous native-born citizen’ trope — how nativist logic inverts, treating those born within the nation as more threatening than outsiders (Japanese Americans 1940s, Muslims post-9/11).