Anti-Arab harassment is actionable under both Title VII and Section 1981.

Evidence

As shown in the cases discussed above, national origin harassment against Arabs and South Asians often occurs in conjunction with religious harassment. The harassers conflate the ethnic Arab or South Asian with the religious identity of Muslim, resulting in religiously driven racial discrimination. Not only can such actions be a basis for national origin discrimination pursuant to Title VII, but are also actionable under 42 U.S.C. § 1981. — Sahar F. Aziz, Sticks and Stones, the Words That Hurt, 356

Categorization

• XREF: Directly serves the stated reading purpose on Title VII/§1981 employment remedies for anti-Muslim discrimination; the §1981 hook arises precisely where harassers conflate ethnicity with religion. Connects to racecraft literature treating religion as a proxy for race. — connects to: Courts carving out wartime foreign-policy slurs creates a de facto exception under Title VII — Sahar F. Aziz, Sticks and Stones, the Words That Hurt:…, 260; Anti-Muslim harassment targeting Arabs and South Asians is simultaneously actionable under § 1981; Arab plaintiffs must plead race-based harassment to secure Section 1981 relief — Sahar F. Aziz, Sticks and Stones, the Words That Hurt:…, 400 (+1 more)

Broader Connections

• Anti-Muslim harassment targeting Arabs and South Asians is simultaneously actionable under § 1981 #corroborates (0.90)
• Arab plaintiffs must plead race-based harassment to secure Section 1981 relief #qualifies (0.85) — Sahar F. Aziz, Sticks and Stones, the Words That Hurt, 400
• Section 1981 spills beyond Title VII’s damage caps and employee thresholds. #expands (0.78) — Sahar F. Aziz, Sticks and Stones, the Words That Hurt, 365