American hierarchy is a racial-religious system with religion as dispositive

Evidence

My theoretical framework takes the systemic racialization theories one step further to argue that the American racial hierarchy is more accurately described as a racial-religious hierarchy. Phenotypical race in American society has been and continues to be a central factor in the placement of people in a racialized social system. However, religion also plays a dispositive role in racialization. This has always been true for Blacks, who were racialized as heathen and inferior based on biblical stories labeling them as the children of Ham cursed into slavery. It was also true for religious minorities such as Jews, Catholics, and Mormons in the nineteenth century and first half of the twentieth and for Muslims today—albeit for different reasons and with different material harms. — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 127

Categorization

• DEFINE: Introduces the book’s central concept: religion as a dispositive (not just secondary) factor in American racialization.
• XREF: Connects to theories of racialization of religious minorities, echoing scholarship on settler-colonial and Judeo-Christian vs. non-Christian hierarchies. — connects to: Lorimer equated national and domestic economic hierarchy with racial hierarchy; American religion is intrinsically bound to gender and family but not to race — Andrew L. Whitehead; Samuel L. Perry, Taking America Back for God, 438; The Christian-nation quest has always served a racial hierarchy — Andrew L. Whitehead, American Idolatry, 546 (+2 more)
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim: When Racism Quashes…, 127