Al-Azhar graduates trained as army doctors under multilingual European teachers

Evidence

It was a most curious situation; a hundred Egyptian students from al-Azhar who knew only Arabic and who had never received any training but in Arabic grammar, Koranic Exegesis, Fikh, etc. gathered together in order to be trained in medical and scientific subjects of which they had not the slightest idea by a number of European teachers who did not know the language of their students and who themselves were not homogenous [four being French, three Italians, a Spaniard], a Piedmontese and … a Bavarian. — Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha_s Men_ Mehmed Ali, his…, 1125

Categorization

• XREF: Contrast with the reader’s standing interest in how institutions improvised under scarcity — complements the al-Azhar literacy pool and translation mechanism in the same chapter.