African subjects actively used colonial courts as well as being judged by them

Evidence

These studies, along with those by Saar, suggest that the courts were used by both the French and Africans, although to what extent awaits further research. — Alice L. Conklin, A Mission to Civilize_ The Republican…, 1188

Categorization

• QUESTION: This hints at African agency within the imposed legal system - a promising avenue for understanding how colonized people turned the new courts to their own ends.