Affirming Black citizenship could only happen indirectly through the privileges clause.

Evidence

It was clear that Missouri could not, for example, bar citizens from Ohio from entering. The proposed prohibition against Black migration to Missouri might violate this principle, but only if Black Americans were citizens. If Congress found Missouri’s proposal to be in violation of the Privileges and Immunities Clause, it would be a roundabout way of affirming Black citizenship. — Nikole Hannah-Jones et al., The 1619 Project, 699

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the reader’s case-study interest: whether founding-era definitions of citizenship construe Black exclusion as design (Constitution grants) or deviation from it.