Affirmative action’s primary beneficiaries have been white women.

Evidence

As Justice Lewis Powell made clear in California v. Bakke, “Ethnic diversity…is only one element in a range of factors a university properly may consider in attaining the goal of a heterogeneous student body.” In other words, admitting black applicants solely because of race was unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause. … Affirmative action has never been blacks-only, so it cannot be considered an offset for blacks-only reparations. Finally, the primary beneficiaries of affirmative action have been white women. — Dorothy A. Brown, Getting to Reparations, 573

Categorization

• XREF: Reinforces the argument in ‘Grafting & Growth’ that structural programs benefit unintended recipients; here a race-progressive policy chiefly helped white women.