A racial hierarchy can be vertically ordered without collapsing into a flat white-versus-Black binary

Evidence

A binary does not have to exist on the same plane but may be vertically differentiated. In her critique, Mutua articulates a fixed position of white always on top, Black always on the bottom, and the rest somewhere in the middle, which because while they have critiqued race and gender essentialism, many have failed to include sexual orientation in the analysis. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 66

Categorization

• XREF: Directly relevant to comparing how Choudhury positions Muslims within the American racial hierarchy versus how Aziz’s ‘Racial Muslim’ argument does. — connects to: Multiple subordinated identities compound into more than additive subordination. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 72; Trinidad’s color hierarchy measured privilege in gradations finer than race — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 1166; Jewish and Catholic Whitening entrenched Black subordination in American racial hierarchy — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim: When Racism Quashes…, 432 (+4 more)

Broader Connections

• Trinidad’s color hierarchy measured privilege in gradations finer than race #exemplifies (0.85) — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 1166
• Subordinate ethnic identities can function as a hierarchy that still camps top to blackness #corroborates (0.80) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 2498
• Jewish and Catholic Whitening entrenched Black subordination in American racial hierarchy #exemplifies (0.75) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 432
• Creolized totality is ordered yet free of hierarchy and essence #qualifies (0.75) — Édouard Glissant, Poetics of Relation, 487
• Bequests to mixed-race children created a propertied free-colored class #exemplifies (0.70) — Dubois, Laurent, Avengers of the New World_ The Story of…, 220