A Nollywood film created a template for accusing actual children of witchcraft.

Evidence

Helen Ukpabio — born approximately 1960 in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria — is the founder and leader of Liberty Foundation Gospel Ministries, a Pentecostal-Charismatic church with its headquarters in Calabar and branches across the Niger Delta, Lagos, and the broader Nigerian Pentecostal network. Ukpabio is also a Nollywood film producer. In 1999, she produced and distributed a video film titled End of the Wicked — a dramatization, in the Nollywood dramatic-spiritual genre, of children as carriers of witchcraft spirits who attend nocturnal witchcraft gatherings, cause illness and death in their families, and require deliverance through spiritual warfare. — , The Rod and the Child, 4615

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the chapter’s theme of how media templates operationalize violent belief; parallels genre fiction enabling real-world violence discussed earlier in the series.